Story Boards In Production

Storyboards are an important part of pre production planning across a number of media sectors that rely on visual design. Story boarding in the form widely used today was made vastly popular by Walt disney in the early thirties. The first complete story boards were created for the 1933 disney short 'The Three Little pigs'. The first storyboard was created from comic book like drawings and story sketches created in the 1920s, these were created to illustrate concepts for animated cartoon shorts such as 'Steamboat Willy'. Within a few years the idea spread to other studios.
Disney credited animator Webb Smith with creating the idea of drawing scenes of seperate sheets of paper, and pinning them up on a bulletin board to tell a story in sequence, thus creating the first story board. Furthermore, it was Disney who first recognized necessity  for studios to maintain a separate 'story board' department with specialized story board artists(in that its a new occupation distinct from animators), as he had realized that audiences would not watch a film unless its story gave them a reason to care about its characters.
By 1937/38, all American studios were using storyboards.
Gone With The Wind(1939) was one of the first live action films live action films to be completely storyboarded. William Cameron Menzies, the films production designer, was hired by producer David O. Selznick to design every shot of the film.
Storyboarding becomes popular in live action film production during the early 1940s and grew into a standard medium pre visualization of films. Celebrated directors such as Alfred Hitchcock were renowned for their meticulous visualization in the pre production process.
Storyboards are now an essential part of the creative process.
Why story boards are helpful 
Visualizing your ideas
The greatest incentive for storyboarding is simply the fact that the story board will help you make a much stronger film by allowing you to visualize your product before its even made.
This is essentially your chance to create a blueprint for your production that will help you identify any potential problem areas or missed opportunities while you still have a chance to fix them.
Visualizing your ideas 
Your screenplay is the backbone of your film, but no matter how beautifully written it may be, it will never translate exactly as you might be picturing it to film.
Theres a common saying among directors: 'If your final film looks even seventy percent of the way you thought it would, you did your job really well'.
Storyboards play a huge part in getting that seventy percent, as they help you visualize your project in a way that in is not other wise possible.
The last thing you want is to get to set and realize that something about your shoot isn't congruent with the script.
Storyboarding will help you nip those issues in the bud, and keep your vision clear.
An advantage of using a story board is that it allows the director or producer to experiment with changes in the story line to have stronger reactions.
Flashbacks, for example, are often the result of sorting storyboards out of chronological order, this helps build suspense and interest for the audience.
The process of visual thinking and planning allows a group of people to brainstorm together, placing their ideas on story boards and then arranging the storyboards on the wall.
This fosters more ideas and generates consensus inside the group.
Its important that crew members are on the same page, and can see the product 'come to life' on page.
Storyboards will often include specific technical details that help crew members understand the specific needs and requirements of each shot. These could include camera angles, character movements and edits.
Technical details 
Generally speaking for every illustration (storyboard) you create, there are five types of shots to choose from: master, long, medium, close up and extreme close up.
Once you've decided on which of the five will be used, you'll want to illustrate the camera movements.
To depict a painting or tilting shot, where the camera either moves sideways or up and down, you'll want to create two frames to indicate where the camera will start and where it will wind up.
From there, you can use arrows moving in both directions in order to portray movements. To illustrate a tracking shot,(which invloves moving the entire camera in order to follow your continuously moving subject), simply draw an arrow on the frame - indicating camera placement - and point it in the direction the camera will be moving in.
You can also illustrate zooming, which only involves a lens and no camera movement at all. To show zooming in(moving closer to the subject) and zooming out means two frames are needed for the subject, and depending on which direction the subject is moving In, you'll either have arrows moving towards the interior frame or the exterior frame.
The Purpose Of Story Boards 
In production you will have a strong idea of camera set ups, blocking, lighting requirements etc, therefor should save time when shooting.
By the time you get to post, your editor will be thanking you, as the film will have coverage in all the right places, proper transitional moments, and a slicker aesthetic. In the long run saving money for the production company.

There are props that are made more significant by the use of shading in the story boards, such as the mechanical robot arms used by the villain. The setting is well described in the storyboards to help understand the story, as well as this the two characters have been well defined as well as the public on the train, this all allows the viewer of the story board to understand that direction the story is heading. The facial expression of the villain shows distress, this also shows the impact of Spider man's punch. Impact is further given to the punch due to the word 'bam' being incorporated into the design.
The angles used show movement, this would help the viewer track the characters and therefor the story, this is done by showing different angles of Spider man along with movement arrows. Close up shots are also used to show the emotion on the villains face or in this case the pain, as well as this a cut away shot is used to show the faces and emotion of the pedestrians on the train. As well as this impact words are used to help the audience follow the scene and feel the impact of Spider man's punch.
For certain shots used they can be clearly identified, such as the cutaway shot used to show the emotion on the train passengers faces. A cut away is also used to show the wheels trying and struggling to slow, this also shows a use of dietetic sound that the audience would be able to interpenetrate. As well as this the sound of glass breaking would be a dietetic sound that the audience would be able to identify due to its popularity, this would add sympathy pain to for the viewer and add impact the hit.
The format used is erratic and shaky, unpredictable. This is exactly how the characters in this scene would be feeling, During the fight they would be experiencing these same feelings of fear and adrenaline, this is shown through the story boards themselves by the use of jump cuts. 


Some of the imagery used is significant due to the difference of colour between the two characters this is used to show their contrast in character, for example Scar is cunning and manipulating where as Simba is young, joyful and naive. This has been portrayed by the use of shading. The setting of the scene is also important to Scars character, other characters of the film are always seen in the light of the sun , not shrouded in shadows and darkness in a cave. As well as this caves are dangerous, wild animals are found here, animals that aren't tame and friendly like the rest of the characters portrayed.
The camera angles used show both of the characters facial expressions, also it is easy for the viewer to interpenetrate what shot will be next used as Scar begging to walk away, a tracking shot would be used.
There is no used digetic or non digetic sound visibly used in this scene. Digetic sound would be heard as the characters speak in this scene but it is not shown on the storyboard.
The begging of a tracking shot can be seen when 'Scar' begins to walk away, this shot follows a character and sometimes shows another following, It is used to keep track of the on screen character and make sure that they stay on screen.
The scene itself is very easy to follow, close up shots are used to show emotion on characters faces as well as the shots and edits used to help follow the scene, the storyboards however are a different story, Scar is erratic never seems to want to look characters in the eyes, this shows deceit and betrayal.
The effectiveness of the story board is very high, this is due to elaborate tracing of characters, as well as the effective art work.

   

Unlike film and TV story boards, Video game are different entirely, they have far more outcomes for the scene and therefore require more detail in said storyboards.
This story board is effective due to the amount of detail used in each specific scene, it shows the charcaters past battles and traumas therefor showing what has shaped them as a character and put them on this particular path.
There are a vast use of camera angles used in these particular story boards, such as: close ups, overhead shots and extreme close ups. These are used to show emotion and where the character is and where he is going.
Movement arrows are seen and this would also help track the main character.

Learning Aim A

Publishing
Publishing is made up of  various groups of industries including: Books, magazines, newspapers and informational serveries.
The publishing industry employ over one hundred and ninety thousand people every year, which is about thirty six percent of the creative media workforce. Over fifty thousand of these people work in the newspaper sector, another fifty thousand work in journalism and magazines, close to  thirty thousand work in the book industry and another twelve thousand work in other informational areas.
Employers look for work staff that are highly literate and have basic office skills, e.g. taking important calls, also employers look for people that have some technical, entrepreneurial or management skills.
Some of the jobs in this sector include: proof reader, copy editor, technical editor, writer and event manager.   

Film
In the film industry, there are certain types of product that can be created, these vary from documentaries, movies and even TV series.
The film industry is one of the most successful types of on screen entertainment, it contributed six point three billion into UK's economy in 2006. It is also becoming increasingly more popular, in 2007 over five hundred and sixteen film were released in the UK alone. That makes it a fifty eight percent increase in the past decade.
There are four main sub sectors in the film industry, production, faculties, distribution and exhibition. These four roles are filled by smaller and larger companies within the film industry, along with some highly skilled free lancers. Woman make up too forty three percent of workers in the film industry, it also consists of several ethnic backgrounds.
The skills that are searched for in this industry are as follows: creativity, highly qualified and can adapt quickly to changing technology.
Some of the things that employers look for are as follows: director, editor and camera crew.

Television
The televisiton industary is the most poplar form of entertainment and information. But the rapid growth of the gaming industry is a close second.
People who work in the television industry come from all over the UK(although sixty two percent are based in London). There is no specific gender that works in this industry.
Some people that work in the industry must be highly skilled, and must have at least a college and university degree, but it is possible to not poses these degrees and be employed. These people must also be able to adapt to new technology much like film employees.
Some of the jobs in the television industry include: editor, director and make up artist.

Radio
The radio industry is the distribution of audio content and consists of three different factors: publicly funded radio, commercial radio and voluntary or community radio. The radio industry employs over twenty thousand people.
There is no majority of male or female workers in this industry, although most/all of the workers are highly skilled well qualified with a university degree or higher. About a quarter of the employees are free lance. As well as this most of the work force are of an older generation, they are much older some of the other employees in other creative media industries.
People that work in the radio industry must be spontanious as most radio are live, they should also strive to be creative, finally they should have a clear speaking voice and have a good understanding of the English language(good grades at school).
Some of the jobs in the radio industry include: presenter, broadcast manager, station manager and reporter.

Computer Games
The first games were launched in the 1960s and quickly became firm favorites in the UK by the 1970s,it quickly became a major industry globally.
Within the computer gaming industary there are 485 different businesses, a large majority of which being video game developers. These businesses employ over seven thousand people, approximately six percent of the work force is woman. This is incredibly low, much more than that of other industries.
Some of the jobs available in the computer gaming industry are as follows: game designer, artist, creative director, creator and lead programmer.

Legal and Ethical
In media there are many legal and ethical issues to consider, for example:
Copyright: Copyright is most likely one of the most significant aspects of any news production, whether that is a Newspaper Article or Radio Broadcast - it is vital to gain permission for any content that you use (that isn't your own), which may involve some sort of payment for the sufficient Licence Fees. Content that was originally subject to Copyright can be used if the last creator had died more than 70 years previous - meaning it is no longer subject to Copyright Laws.

Data Protection Act 1998: ​Although a Journalist is trying to report a story, they are sometimes limited to what they can publish due to the Data Protection Act 1998. This means that specific personal information such as Addresses and Telephone Numbers as well as any other Contact Information cannot be shared without the person's permission. The law was passed to give people rights when they have information stored about them.

Discrimination: It is illegal to discriminate against anyone as a result of their Gender, Age, Disability, Sexual Orientation or Religious Beliefs. As a result of Discrimination, a Journalist could face official warnings at the business they work at, or even instant dismissal. These rules are designed so that everybody in society gets a fair viewpoint shared in the Media...


Defamation of Character: In Radio Broadcasts, this is known as Libel and is when you make a false statement about an individual that could negatively effect a person's reputation. If found guilty for Libel, then you may be required to pay a fee in damages (this could be any value within reason).

Ethical Matters: It is important not to discuss stories in such a way that it may relate to specific ethical matters. Of course, some stories (for example, when there was a vote for if homosexuals would be allowed to marry in the UK) do have ethical matters, and these opinions of different viewpoints must be discussed in the news story. 

Company that apply for these laws also apply for inspection from Ofcom. This company is responsible for the checking and constant warning to make sure that these companies are abiding by these laws.

Often referred to as a permanent contract, this type of contract is offered on a continuing basis and has no set expiry date. The contract is open ended and has notice provisions, so that the employee may end the contract earlier by resigning and the BBC may end the contract by giving notice of dismissal.

People employed on a continuing contract are covered by our contractual employment policies and are the employee benefits outlined in the policies. For more information, visit the Why join us? section of this site.

Fixed-term contracts

This is a contract of a known duration and with a specified expiry date, which is stated within the vacancy description. In all other respects a person employed on a Fixed Term Contract is entitled to all the benefits and privileges as those on continuing contracts.

People employed on a Fixed Term contract are covered by our contractual employment policies and are the employee benefits outlined in the policies. For more information, visit the Why join us? section of this site.

Flexi contract

This is a form of the BBC Fixed Term Contract. It is a contract of limited duration, for a defined number of days or hours, which are to be worked as the business requires (e.g. fixed hours per week/month cannot be predicted or guaranteed).

People employed on a fixed term contract are covered by our contractual employment policies and are the employee benefits outlined in the policies. For more information, visit the Why join us? section of this site.

Casual contract

This is a form of contract which will be offered when odd days of work are available intermittently or when continuous work is expected to last for not more than four weeks.

Temporary agency contracts

Dependent on business need, the BBC may outsource temporary requirements to an agency. This form of contract will be formed directly with the agency.

BBC freelance contracts

This contract is offered to self-employed individuals who are providing their specialist services for a specific role, for a specific period of time. If you work with us on a freelance basis, you can get booked and paid via the BBC Freelancers website.

Career Opportunities and structor of the media sector

There are many sectors of media for people to get involved in, television is the largest and most profitable. This industry employs over 50,000 people every year in the UK alone, the main employer the industry is the BBC, it is funded by its viewers through the use of TV licenses, which is why there is a lack of adverts on the BBC. ITV, which is a private company and not funded by the public and finally channel 4 which is funded by advertisements.

Radio is the oldest form of media which dates back to as long as the 1920s, nowadays however radio has taken a backseat due to the rise of technology making it obsolete. As well as this the lack of demand for radio can be attributed to the digital rise of music downloading and streaming. There are three types of radio: publicly funded(funded by the taxpayer), commercial radio(funded by advertisements) and commercial and voluntary radio(funded by the national lottery).

Film, film currently employs over 20,000 people nationwide. Within this industry there are six main sectors: development, production, facilities, distribution, exhibition and exportation.

In film there a many large blockbusters that occupy most of the income. For example: Universal, Disney and Paramount. However there are up and coming companies that have a bright futures ahead in the sectors of Film such as Pinewood studios. These companies don't tend to make films to the likes of the larger companies but do make some films that were well received by the public, such as Star Wars The Force Awakens And Jurassic Word Fallen Kingdom.
Animation. Animation is used to make special effects and even shows that are vital in their production. Animation can also be used in the video game industry.
The video game industry is known for creating immersive and gameplay. Some of the most popular companies include: Dreamwork's(which is owned by paramount) and Pixar(which is owned by Disney). Pixar have worked on pictures such as Toy Story and Cars, Dreamwork's have produced pictures such as Madagascar.

Interactive media is a platform that employs over 30,000 people. This platform is vital for day to day life, everyone with am internet connection uses it, this includes apps such as Twitter, Facebook and Youtube.